For citation:
Yakimova, V. A. (2024). Conceptual Approaches to Studying Partnerships in Foreign Ecosystem Theory. AlterEconomics, 21(4), 694–722. https://doi.org/10.31063/AlterEconomics/2024.21-4.4
Abstract:
Ecosystem theory offers new perspectives for understanding the behavior of economic agents, their relationships, and the conditions for coordinating interests. This study focuses on the partnerships that emerge between participants in ecosystems. The article aims to review key approaches and synthesize theoretical contributions by Russian and international researchers that advance ecosystem theory. The study addresses several objectives: identifying the prerequisites for the emergence of ecosystem theory and its distinctions from related concepts like entrepreneurial communities; analyzing the structure and main components of ecosystems; examining the motives for partnerships and cooperation; and explaining the dynamics of co-opetition (simultaneous cooperation and competition) and informal relationships within ecosystems. Methodologically, the study relies on content analysis of research literature, synthesis of economic theories, grouping of concepts, and development of ecosystem models. The findings highlight unique properties of ecosystems, such as heterogeneity, complementarity, affiliation, modularity, emergence, coevolution, and adaptability. Key rules governing complementarity are outlined, and partnership motives are categorized into four approaches: resource, technological, transactional, and market. The study further elucidates the nature of co-opetition, its characteristics, and the patterns governing formal and informal contracts between ecosystem participants. This study contributes to ecosystem theory by formulating new theoretical approaches and integrating economic concepts to enhance understanding. The findings lay the groundwork for a comprehensive theory, guiding future research and validating the proposed hypotheses. Future directions include typologizing partnerships, exploring conflict resolution in co-opetition, evaluating its effects on ecosystem dynamics, and devising mechanisms to coordinate participants’ interests.
Abou-foul, M., Ruiz-Alba, J. L., & Soares, A. (2020). The impact of digitalization and servitization on the financial performance of a firm: An empirical analysis. Production Planning & Control, 32 (12), 975–989. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2020.1780508
Acs, Z. J., Stam, E., Audretsch, D. B., & O’Connor, A. (2017). The lineages of the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach. Small Business Economics, 49, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9864-8
Adner, R. (2016). Ecosystem as structure: an actionable construct for strategy. Journal of Management, 43 (1), 39–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316678451
Adner, R., & Kapoor, R. (2010). Value creation in innovation ecosystems: how the structure of technological interdependence affects firm performance in new technology generations. Strategic Management Journal, 31 (3), 306–333. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.821
Adrodegari, F., & Saccani, N. (2017). Business models for the service transformation of industrial firms. The Service Industries Journal, 37 (1), 57–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2017.1289514
Akberdina, V. V., & Vasilenko E. V. (2021). Innovation Ecosystem: Review of the Research Field. Zhurnal Ekonomicheskoj Teorii [Russian Journal of Economic Theory], 18 (3), 462−473. https://doi.org/10.31063/2073-6517/2021.18-3.10 (In Russ.)
Albers, S., Wohlgezogen, F., & Zajac, E. J. (2013). Strategic alliance structures: an organization design perspective. Journal of Management, 42 (3), 582–614. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206313488209
Auerswald, P. E., & Dani, L. (2017). The adaptive lifecycle of entrepreneurial ecosystems: The biotechnology cluster. Small Business Economics, 49 (1), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9869-3
Bakshi, N., & Kleindorfer, P. (2009). Co-Opetition and Investment for Supply-Chain Resilience. Production and Operations Management, 18 (6), 583−603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-5956.2009.01031.x
Baldwin, C. Y., & Clark, K. B. (2000). Design Rules: The Power of Modularity. MIT Press.
Baldwin, C. Y., & Woodard, C. J. (2008). The architecture of platforms: a unified view. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1265155
Bengtsson, M., Johansson, M., Näsholm, M., & Raza-Ullah, T. (2013). A systematic review of coopetition: levels and effects on different levels. The 13th Annual Conference of the European Academy of Management (EURAM 2013).
Betz, C., Schache, K., & Jung, R. (2021). Why Partnerships in Ecosystems Fail — Towards a Construct of Cultural Values in Ecosystems. Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (p. 191).
Blomqvist, K. (2002). Partnering in the Dynamic Environment: The Role of Trust in Asymmetric Technology Partnership Formation. Lappeenranta University of Technology.
Bohnsack, R., Rennings, M., Block, C., & Bröring, S. (2024). Profiting from innovation when digital business ecosystems emerge: A control point perspective. Research Policy, 53 (3), 104961. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2024.104961
Brandenburger, A., & Nalebuff, B. (1996). Co-Opetition: A Revolution Mindset That Combines Competition and Cooperation. Harvard Business Press.
Breslin, D., Kask, J., Schlaile, M., & Abatecola, G. (2021). Developing a coevolutionary account of innovation ecosystems. Industrial Marketing Management, 98, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDMARMAN.2021.07.016
Brown, R., & Mason, C. (2017). Looking inside the spiky bits: a critical review and conceptualisation of entrepreneurial ecosystems. Small Business Economics, 49, 11−30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9865-7
Burgers, W. P., Cromartie, J. S., & Ronnie Davis, J. (1998). Cooperative competition in global industries: The strategic dimension. The International Trade Journal, 12 (4), 421−444. https://doi.org/10.1080/08853909808523914
Child, J., Faulkner, D., Tallman, St., & Tallman, S. (2005). Trust in cooperative strategies. Cooperative Strategy: Managing Alliances, Networks, and Joint Ventures (pp. 50−70). https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199266241.003.0004
Coase, R. H. (2007). Firma, rynok i pravo [The Firm, the Market, and the Law]. Moscow: New publishing house, 224. (In Russ.)
Cobben, D., & Roijakkers, N. (2019). The Dynamics of Trust and Control in Innovation Ecosystems. International Journal of Innovation, 7 (1), 1−25. https://doi.org/10.5585/iji.v7i1.341
Cozzolino, A., & Geiger, S. (2024). Ecosystem disruption and regulatory positioning: Entry strategies of digital health startup orchestrators and complementors. Research Policy, 53 (2), 104913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104913
Das, T., & Teng, B.-Sh. (2003). Partner analysis and alliance performance. Scandinavian Journal of Management, 19 (3), 279−308. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-5221(03)00003-4
Dattée, B., Alexy, O., & Autio, E. (2018). Maneuvering in poor visibility: how firms play the ecosystem game when uncertainty is high. Academy of Management Journal, 61 (2), 466–498. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0869
Dorn, S., Schweiger, B., & Albers, S. (2016). Levels, phases and themes of coopetition: A systematic literature review and research agenda. European Management Journal, 34 (5), 484−500, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2016.02.009
Dussauge, P., Garrette, B., & Mitchell, W. (2000). Learning from Competing Partners: Outcomes and Durations of Scale and Link Alliances in Europe, North America and Asia. Strategic Management Journal, 21 (2), 99−126.
Dyer, J. H., & Singh, H. (1998). The Relational View: Cooperative Strategy and Sources of Interorganizational Competitive Advantage. Academy of Management Review, 23 (4), 660−679. https://doi.org/10.2307/259056
Elfring, T., & Hulsink, W. (2003). Networks in entrepreneurship: The case of high-technology firms. Small Business Economics, 21, 409−422. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026180418357
Els, C., Grobbelaar, S., & Kennon, D. (2020). Complementary Partnerships for SMEs: A Relational Capability Maturity Model from an Ecosystem Perspective. In M. Hattingh, M. Matthee, H. Smuts,
I. Pappas, Y. Dwivedi, M. Mäntymäki (Eds.), Responsible Design, Implementation and Use of Information and Communication Technology. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 12066). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44999-5_6
Eriksson, V., Keipi, T., & Björklund, T. (2023). Dimensions of proximity in stakeholder choice reflected in the creation of knowledge-based innovation ecosystem partnerships. Proceedings of the Design Society, 3, 1505−1514. https://doi.org/10.1017/pds.2023.151
Ganco, M., Kapoor, R., & Lee, G. K., (2020). From rugged landscapes to rugged ecosystems: structure of interdependencies and firms’ innovative search. Academy of Management Review, 45 (3), 646–674. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2017.0549
Garrette, B., Dussauge, P., Сastaner, X., & Mulotte, L. (2007). Do scale alliances with competitors improve product performace? A study of the Aircraft industry, 1949−2000. HEC Research Papers Series 863. HEC Paris.
Gawer, A. (2014). Bridging differing perspectives on technological platforms: toward an integrative framework. Research Policy, 43 (7), 1239–1249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2014.03.006
Gnyawali, D. R., & Park, B.-J. (2009). Co-opetition and Technological Innovation in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Multilevel Conceptual Model. Journal of Small Business Management, 47 (3), 308−330. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2009.00273.x
Godley, A., Morawetz, N., & Soga, L. (2021). The complementarity perspective to the entrepreneurial ecosystem taxonomy. Small Business Economics, 56 (2), 723−738. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-019-00197-y
Goehlich, V., Fournier, G., & Richter, A. (2020). What can we learn from digitalization and servitisation to shape a new mobility paradigm? International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 24 (3), 296–306. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2020.106467
Grandinetti, R., Ciasullo, M. V., Paiola, M., & Schiavone, F. (2020). Fourth industrial revolution, digital servitization and relationship quality in Italian B2B manufacturing firms. An exploratory study. The TQM Journal, 32 (4), 647–671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/TQM-01-2020-0006
Gulati, R., & Singh, H. (1998). The architecture of cooperation: managing coordination costs and appropriation concerns in strategic alliances. Administrative Science Quarterly, 43 (4), 781–814.
Gulati, R., Nohria, N., & Zaheer, A. (2000). Strategic networks. Strategic management journal, 21 (3), 203−215.
Hannah, D. P., & Eisenhardt, K. M. (2017). How Firms Navigate Cooperation and Competition in Nascent Ecosystems. Strategic Management Journal, 39 (12), 3163–3192. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2750
Hart, O. (1995). Firms, Contracts and Financial Structure. Oxford University Press.
Hite, J. M., & Hesterly, W. S. (2001). The evolution of firm networks: From emergence to early growth of the firm. Strategic Management Journal, 22 (3), 275−286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.156
Huikkola, T., Rabetino, R., Kohtamäki, M., & Gebauer, H. (2020). Firm boundaries in servitization: Interplay and repositioning practices. Industrial Marketing Management, 90, 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDMARMAN.2020.06.014
Isenberg, D. J. (2010). How to start an entrepreneurial revolution? Harvard Business Review, 88 (6), 40–50.
Ivashchenko, N., & Isaeva, L. (2021). Basic principles of partnership as the factor of sustainable development in the context of business ecosystems. E3S Web of Conferences, 291, 08005. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129108005
Jacobides, M. G., Knudsen, T., & Augier, M. (2006). Benefiting from Innovation: Value Creation, Value Appropriation and the Role of Industry Architectures. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1309509
Jovanovic, M., Sjödin, D., & Parida, V. (2021). Co-evolution of platform architecture, platform services, and platform governance: Expanding the platform value of industrial digital platforms. Technovation, 118, 102218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2020.102218
Kamalaldin, A., Sjodin, D., Hullova, D., & Parida, V. (2021). Configuring ecosystem strategies for digitally enabled process innovation: A framework for equipment suppliers in the process industries. Technovation, 105, 102250. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHNOVATION.2021.102250
Kapoor, R., & Lee, J. M. (2013). Coordinating and competing in ecosystems: how organizational forms shape new technology investments. Strategic Management Journal, 34 (3), 274–296. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.2010
Kleiner, G. B. (2019). Ecosystem economy: Step into the future. Ekonomicheskoe vozrozhdenie Rossii [Economic Revival of Russia], (1(59)), 40−45. (In Russ.)
Kohtamäki, M., Parida, V., Oghazi, P., Gebauer, H., & Baines, T. (2019). Digital servitization business models in ecosystems: A theory of the firm. Journal of Business Research, 104, 380–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JBUSRES.2019.06.027
Kolagar, M., Parida, V., & Sjödin, D. (2022) Ecosystem transformation for digital servitization:
A systematic review, integrative framework, and future research agenda. Journal of Business Research, 146, 176−200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.067
Korkeamäki, L., & Kohtamäki, M. (2019). Ecosystem of outcome-based contracts: A complex of economic outcomes, availability and performance. Procedia CIRP, 83, 170–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCIR.2019.02.142
Koroleva, D., Khavenson, T., & Tomasova, D. (2023). Genesis and Predictive Ability of Ecosystem Approach in Education. Foresight and STI Governance, 17 (4), 93–109. https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2023.4.93.109
Krajewska, M. A., Kopfer, H., Laporte, G., Ropke, S., & Zaccour, G. (2008). Horizontal cooperation among freight carriers: request allocation and profit sharing. Journal of the Operational Research Society, 59 (11), 1483–1491. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jors.2602489
Laursen, K., & Salter, A. J. (2014). The paradox of openness: appropriability, external search and collaboration. Research Policy, 43 (5), 867–878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2013.10.004
Lee, S. M., & Lee, D. H. (2020). “Untact”: a new customer service strategy in the digital age. Service Business, 14 (1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11628-019-00408-2
Leten, B., Vanhaverbeke, W., Roijakkers, N., Clerix, A., & Van Helleputte, J. (2013). IP Models to Orchestrate Innovation Ecosystems: IMEC, a Public Research Institute in Nano-Electronics. California Management Review, 55 (4), 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cmr.2013.55.4.51
Lettner, N., Wilhelm, S., Güldenberg, S., & Güttel, W. (2022). Customers as knowledge partners in
a digital business ecosystem: From customer analytics towards knowledge partnerships. Journal of Digital Economy, 1 (2), 130−140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdec.2022.08.001
Li, B., Xu, C., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhou, Q., & Xing, X. (2024). Digital transformation, supply chain collaboration, and enterprise growth: Theoretical logic and Chinese practice. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 30 (2), 100249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2024.100249
Liao, H.-T., Pan, Ch.-L., & Wu, Z. (2024). Digital Transformation and Innovation and Business Ecosystems: A Bibliometric Analysis for Conceptual Insights and Collaborative Practices for Ecosystem Innovation. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 8 (4), 406–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2024.04.003
Linde, L., Sjödin, D., Parida, V., & Wincent, J. (2021). Dynamic capabilities for ecosystem orchestration A capability-based framework for smart city innovation initiatives. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 166, 120614. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHFORE.2021.120614
Marheine, C., Pauli, T., Marx, E., Back, A., & Matzner, M. (2021). From Suppliers to Complementors: Motivational Factors for Joining Industrial Internet of Things Platform Ecosystems. Proceedings of the 54th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. https://doi.org/10.24251/HICSS.2021.721
Marra, M. (2023). Assessing Interdependencies in Innovation Ecosystems: Evidence from the Training Partnerships between Big Tech and the University of Naples. Business, Management and Economics. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.112558
Martín-Peña, M. L., Sanchez-Lopez, J. M., & Díaz-Garrido, E. (2020). Servitization and digitalization in manufacturing: The influence on firm performance. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 35 (3), 564–574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/JBIM-12-2018-0400
Moazed, A., & Johnson, N. (2019). Platforma. Prakticheskoe primenenie revolyutsionnoy biznes-modeli [Modern Monopolies: What It Takes to Dominate the 21st Century Economy]. Moscow: Alpina Publisher, 288. (In Russ.)
Moore, J. F. (1993). Predators and prey: A new ecology of competition. Harvard Business Review, 71 (3), 75−86.
Morais-da-Silva, R. L., Segatto, A. P., Carvalho, A. C. V. de, & Ribeiro, G. (2020). Social innovation ecosystem and the intensity levels of social entrepreneur cross-sector partnerships. REGEPE Entrepreneurship and Small Business Journal, 9 (4), 617−640. https://doi.org/10.14211/regepe.v9i4.1769
Oliveira-Duarte, L., Reis, D. A., Fleury, A. L., Vasques, R. A., Filho, H. F., Koria, M., & Baruque-Ramos, J. (2021). Innovation Ecosystem framework directed to Sustainable Development Goal #17 partnerships implementation. Sustainable Development, 29 (5), 1018−1036. http://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2191
Oliver, A. L., & Rittblat, R. (2023). Facilitating Innovation for Complex Societal Challenges: Creating Communities and Innovation Ecosystems for SDG Goal of Forming Partnerships. Sustainability, 15 (12), 9666. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15129666
Ovchinnikova, A. V., & Zimin, S. D. (2021). The birth of the concept of entrepreneurial ecosystems and its evolution. Ekonomika, predprini-matel’stvo i pravo [Journal of Economics, Entrepreneurship and Law], 11 (6), 1497−1514. https://doi.org/10.18334/epp.11.6.112307 (In Russ.)
Parida, V., & Jovanovic, M. (2021). Servitization in global markets: Role alignment in global service networks for advanced service provision. R&D Management, 52 (3), 577–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/RADM.12505
Pendaries, M., & Castaneda, H. (2015). Assessing Trust Capital in a Potential Technological Co-Innovation Partnership. International Journal of Business and Economics, 14 (2), 145−157.
Porter, M. E. (1985). The Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. Free Press.
Priyono, A., & Hidayat, A. (2024). Fostering innovation through learning from digital business ecosystem: A dynamic capability perspective. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10 (1), 100196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2023.100196
Raab, J. (2018). Powell 1990: Neither markets nor hierarchies: Network forms of organization. Schlüsselwerke der Netzwerkforschung (pp. 461−464). Springer.
Raza-Ullah, T., Bengtsson, M., & Kock, S. (2014). The coopetition paradox and tension in coopetition at multiple levels. Industrial Marketing Management, 43 (2), 189–198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indmarman.2013.11.001
Reiter, A., Stonig, J., & Frankenberger, K. (2024). Managing multi-tiered innovation ecosystems. Research Policy, 53 (1), 104905. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respol.2023.104905
Rietveld, J., Ploog, J. N., & Nieborg, D. B. (2020). The coevolution of platform dominance and governance strategies: effects on complementor performance outcomes. Academy of Management Discoveries, 6, 488–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/amd.2019.0064
Riquelme-Medina, M., Stevenson, M., Barrales-Molina, V., & Llorens-Montes, F. J. (2022). Coopetition in business Ecosystems: The key role of absorptive capacity and supply chain agility. Journal of Business Research, 146, 464−476. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.03.071
Rosenkopf, L., & Schilling, M. A. (2007). Comparing alliance network structure across industries: observations and explanations. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, 1 (3-4), 191−209. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.33
Senyo, P. K., Liu, K., & Effah, J. (2019). Digital business ecosystem: Literature review and a framework for future research. International Journal of Information Management, 47, 52−64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.01.002
Shipilov, A., & Gawer, A. (2020). Integrating research on interorganizational networks and ecosystems. Academy of Management Annals, 14 (1), 92–121. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0121
Sjödin, D., Parida, V., Kohtamäki, M., & Wincent, J. (2020). An agile co-creation process for digital servitization: A micro-service innovation approach. Journal of Business Research, 112, 478−491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.01.009
Stam, E., & Spigel, B. (2016). Entrepreneurial Ecosystems. Utrecht School of Economics. Tjalling C. Koopmans Research Institute. Discussion Paper Series 16-13.
Suuronen, S., Ukko, J., Saunila, M., Rantala, T., & Rantanen, H. (2024). The implications of multi-sided platforms in managing digital business ecosystems. Journal of Business Research, 175, 114544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.114544
Tambovtsev, V. L. (2017). Inter-municipal interactions in an economic analysis framework. Terra economicus, 15 (3), 19–31. https://doi.org/10.23683/2073-6606-2017-15-3-19-31
Teece, D. J. (2007). Explicating dynamic capabilities: the nature and microfoundations of (sustainable) enterprise performance. Strategic Management Journal, 28 (13), 1319–1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/smj.640
Tian, J., Coreynen, W., Matthyssens, P., & Shen, L. (2021). Platform-based servitization and business model adaptation by established manufacturers. Technovation, 118, 102222. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECHNOVATION.2021.102222
Tolstykh, T. O., & Agaeva, A. M. (2020). Ecosystem model of enterprise development in the context of digitalization. Modeli, sistemy, seti v ekonomike, tekhnike, prirode i obshchestve [Models, systems, networks in economics, technology, nature and society], (1(33)), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.21685/2227-8486-2020-1-3 (In Russ.)
Tretiakova, E. A., & Freyman, E. N. (2022). Ecosystem approach in modern economic research. Voprosy upravleniya [Management Issues], (1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.22394/2304-3369-2022-1-6-20 (In Russ.)
Tronvoll, B., Sklyar, A., Sörhammar, D., & Kowalkowski, C. (2020). Transformational shifts through digital servitization. Industrial Marketing Management, 89, 293–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDMARMAN.2020.02.005
Tsujimoto, M., Kajikawa, Y., Tomita, J., & Matsumoto, Y. (2017). A review of the ecosystem concept — Towards coherent ecosystem design. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 136, 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.06.032
Valdez-de-Leon, O. (2019). How to Develop a Digital Ecosystem — a Practical Framework. Technology Innovation Management Review, 9 (8), 43−54. https://doi.org/10.22215/timreview/1260
Valença, G., Alves, C., & Jansen, S. (2016). A Power Perspective on Software Ecosystem Partnerships. Lecture notes in computer science (pp. 69–85). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-49094-6_5
Veer, Th., Yang, Ph., & Riepe, J. (2022). Ventures’ conscious knowledge transfer to close partners, and beyond: A framework of performance, complementarity, knowledge disclosure, and knowledge broadcasting. Journal of Business Venturing, 37 (3), 106191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2022.106191
Wareham, J. D., Fox, P., & Giner, J. L. C. (2014). Technology ecosystem governance. Organization Science, 25 (4), 1195–1215. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2014.0895
Zhang, L. Banihashemi, S., Zhu, L., Molavi, H., Odacioglu, E., & Shan, M. (2024). A scientometric analysis of knowledge transfer partnerships in digital transformation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10 (3), 100325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100325
Zobel, A.-K., & Hagedoorn, J. (2020). Implications of open innovation for organizational boundaries and the governance of contractual relations. Academy of Management Perspectives, 34 (3), 400–423. https://doi.org/10.5465/amp.2016.0175
Zobel, A.-K., Lokshin, B., & Hagedoorn, J. (2017). Formal and informal appropriation mechanisms: The role of openness and innovativeness. Technovation, 59, 44−54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2016.10.001